Kupanga kwa PCBA ndi njira yofunikira komanso yovuta yomwe imaphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa zigawo zosiyanasiyana pa bolodi losindikizidwa (PCB). Komabe, panthawi yopangira izi pakhoza kukhala zovuta ndi zigawo zina kapena zogwirizanitsa zogulitsa, zomwe zingayambitse mavuto monga kutsekemera kosautsa, zowonongeka kapena zowonongeka zamagetsi. Kumvetsetsa zifukwa zomwe zachititsa kuti izi zitheke komanso kupeza mayankho ogwira mtima n'kofunika kwambiri kuti titsimikizire kuti chinthu chomaliza ndi chodalirika komanso chodalirika.M'nkhaniyi, ife delve mu zifukwa zigawo izi kapena olowa solder n'kudziphatika pa PCBA kupanga ndi kupereka njira zothandiza ndi zothandiza kuthetsa vutoli. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka, opanga amatha kuthana ndi vutoli ndikukwaniritsa msonkhano wa PCB wopambana ndi soldering yabwino, zida zotetezedwa, ndi kulumikizana kokhazikika kwamagetsi.
1: Kumvetsetsa zomwe zimachitika mu PCB Assembly Manufacturing:
Tanthauzo la PCBA Manufacturing:
Kupanga kwa PCBA kumatanthawuza njira yosonkhanitsa zida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi pagulu losindikizidwa (PCB) kuti apange zida zamagetsi zamagetsi. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyika zinthuzo pa PCB ndikuzigulitsa m'malo mwake.
Kufunika kwa Msonkhano Wachigawo Woyenera:
Kusonkhanitsa koyenera kwa zigawo ndizofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito yodalirika ya zipangizo zamagetsi. Imawonetsetsa kuti zidazo zimalumikizidwa bwino ndi PCB ndikulumikizidwa moyenera, kulola ma sign amagetsi ovomerezeka ndikuletsa kulumikizana kulikonse.
Chigawo chowongoka komanso cholumikizira cha solder:
Pamene chigawo kapena solder olowa amatchedwa "wolunjika" mu PCBA kupanga, zikutanthauza kuti si lathyathyathya kapena si mzere bwino ndi pamwamba PCB. M'mawu ena, chigawo kapena solder olowa si kugwedera ndi PCB.
Mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zinthu zowongoka komanso zolumikizira zolumikizira:
Zigawo zowongoka ndi zolumikizira zogulitsira zingayambitse mavuto angapo pa PCBA kupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito chida chomaliza chamagetsi. Mavuto ena omwe amabwera chifukwa cha izi ndi awa:
Kutentha kosakwanira:
Zolumikizira zowongoka zowongoka sizingagwirizane bwino ndi ma PCB, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusakwanira kwa solder komanso kulumikizidwa kwamagetsi kofooka. Izi zimachepetsa kudalirika kwathunthu ndi magwiridwe antchito a chipangizocho.
Kupsinjika kwamakina:
Zigawo zowongoka zimatha kukhala ndi zovuta zamakina chifukwa sizimalumikizidwa ndi PCB pamwamba. Kupanikizika kumeneku kungapangitse kuti zigawo zake ziswe kapena kuchotsedwa pa PCB, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chipangizocho zisagwire ntchito.
Kusokonekera kwamagetsi:
Pamene chigawo kapena solder olowa waima molunjika, pali chiopsezo osauka kukhudzana magetsi. Izi zitha kubweretsa kulumikizana kwapakatikati, kutayika kwa chizindikiro, kapena kuchepetsedwa kwa ma conductivity, kukhudza magwiridwe antchito oyenera a chipangizo chamagetsi.
Kutentha kwambiri:
Zigawo zowongoka sizingachotse kutentha bwino. Izi zitha kukhudza kasamalidwe ka kutentha kwa chipangizocho, kupangitsa kutentha kwambiri komanso kuwononga magawo kapena kufupikitsa moyo wawo wantchito.
Mavuto a kukhulupirika kwa ma Signal:
Zida zoyimilira kapena zolumikizira zogulitsira zimatha kuyambitsa kufananiza kosayenera pakati pa mabwalo, zowunikira ma siginecha, kapena crosstalk. Nkhanizi zikhoza kusokoneza kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro ndi ntchito ya chipangizo chamagetsi.
Panthawi yopangira PCBA, kukonza kwanthawi yake kwa zinthu zowongoka komanso zolumikizirana zogulitsa ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire mtundu, kudalirika, komanso moyo wautali wazinthu zomaliza.
2.Zifukwa zomwe zigawo kapena zolumikizira zogulitsira zimayima mowongoka mu PCBA Manufacturing process:
Kugawa kwa kutentha kosiyana: Kutentha kosagwirizana, kuzizira, kapena kugawa kutentha pa PCB kungayambitse zigawo kapena zigawo za solder kuyimirira.Pa ndondomeko soldering, ngati madera ena pa PCB kulandira kutentha kwambiri kapena zochepa kuposa ena, izi zingachititse kupsyinjika matenthedwe pa zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi mafupa solder. Kupanikizika kwamafuta kumeneku kungapangitse kuti ma solder agwedezeke kapena kupindika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigawocho chiyime molunjika. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimachititsa kuti kutentha kusakhale kosiyana ndi kusamutsa kutentha kosautsa panthawi yowotcherera. Ngati kutentha sikugawidwa mofanana pa PCB, madera ena amatha kutentha kwambiri pamene madera ena amakhalabe ozizira. Izi zitha kuyambitsidwa ndi kuyika molakwika kapena kugawa zinthu zotenthetsera, zosakwanira zotengera kutentha, kapena ukadaulo wosakwanira wotenthetsera.
Chinthu chinanso chomwe chimayambitsa kutentha kosafanana ndi kuzizira kosayenera. Ngati PCB ikazizira mosagwirizana pambuyo pa soldering, madera ena akhoza kuzizira mofulumira kuposa ena. Kuzizira kofulumira kumeneku kungayambitse kuchepa kwa kutentha, kuchititsa kuti zigawo zikuluzikulu kapena ma solder aimirire.
Njira zowotcherera ndizolakwika: Zosintha zosalondola monga kutentha, nthawi kapena kupanikizika panthawi ya soldering kungayambitsenso zigawo zikuluzikulu kapena zida za solder kuyimirira.Soldering kumaphatikizapo Kutentha kusungunula solder ndikupanga mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa chigawocho ndi PCB. Ngati kutentha kumakhala kokwera kwambiri panthawi ya soldering, kungayambitse solder kusungunuka kwambiri. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti ma solder azilumikizana kwambiri ndikupangitsa kuti zigawo ziime molunjika. Momwemonso, kutentha kosakwanira kungayambitse kusungunuka kosakwanira kwa solder, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wofooka kapena wosakwanira. Kuyika nthawi ndi kupanikizika panthawi yowotcherera kumathandizanso kwambiri. Kusakwanira kwa nthawi kapena kupanikizika kungapangitse kuti zikhale zosakwanira kapena zofooka za solder, zomwe zingapangitse kuti chigawocho chiyime. Kuonjezera apo, kupanikizika kwambiri panthawi ya soldering kungayambitse kuthamanga kwambiri kwa solder, kuchititsa kuti zigawo zisinthe kapena kukweza.
Kuyika kwachigawo kosayenera: Kuyika kolakwika kwa chigawocho ndi chifukwa chofala cha zigawo kapena zolumikizira za solder kuyimirira mowongoka.Pamsonkhano, ngati zigawo zake zasankhidwa molakwika kapena zopendekeka, izi zingayambitse mapangidwe osagwirizana a solder. Pogulitsa zigawo zoterezi, solder sichingayende bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigawocho chiyimire. Kusokonekera kwazinthu zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha zolakwika zamunthu kapena kusagwira bwino kwa makina oyika okha. Kuyika kolondola ndi kolondola kwa zigawo ziyenera kuwonetseredwa kuti pasakhale zovuta zotere. Opanga ayenera kutsatira mosamala malangizo a kakhazikitsidwe kagawo operekedwa ndi mapangidwe a PCB kapena mafotokozedwe a gulu. Zida zowotcherera kapena njira zowotcherera zosakwanira: Ubwino wa zida zowotchera ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatha kukhudza kwambiri mapangidwe a zida za solder ndipo motero kukhazikika kwa gawolo. Zida zogulitsira zotsika kwambiri zimatha kukhala ndi zonyansa, kukhala ndi malo osungunuka osagwirizana, kapena kukhala ndi kusinthasintha kosakwanira. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zoterezi kungapangitse kuti ma solder ofooka kapena osalongosoka apangitse kuti msonkhanowo uimirire.
Njira zogwiritsira ntchito zowonongeka monga phala lochuluka kapena losakwanira la solder, reflow yosagwirizana kapena yosagwirizana, kapena kugawa kutentha kolakwika kungayambitsenso vutoli. Ndikofunikira kutsatira njira zoyenera zogulitsira ndi malangizo omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndi opanga chigawo kapena miyezo yamakampani kuti atsimikizire kuti mapangidwe olumikizana a solder odalirika.
Kuonjezera apo, kuyeretsa kosakwanira kwa PCB pambuyo pa soldering kungayambitse zotsalira pamagulu a solder. Zotsalirazi zimatha kuyambitsa zovuta zapamtunda panthawi yobwereza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zigawo ziime molunjika.
3. Njira zothetsera mavuto:
Sinthani kutentha kwa processing: Kuti muwongolere kugawa kwa kutentha panthawi yowotcherera, lingalirani njira izi:
Sinthani zida zotenthetsera: Onetsetsani kuti zida zotenthetsera (monga mpweya wotentha kapena ng'anjo ya infrared reflow) ndizosanjidwa bwino ndipo zimapereka kutentha ngakhale pa PCB.Yang'anani malo otentha kapena ozizira ndipo pangani kusintha kulikonse kapena kukonza kuti muwonetsetse kugawidwa kwa kutentha.
Gwiritsani ntchito gawo lotenthetsera: Kutentha kwa PCB musanayambe kugulitsa kumathandiza kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa kutentha ndikulimbikitsa kugawa kutentha kwambiri.Kutentha kumatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito malo otenthetsera odzipereka kapena kukweza pang'onopang'ono kutentha mu ng'anjo ya soldering kuti mukwaniritse ngakhale kutentha.
Konzani njira zowotcherera: Kuwongolera bwino magawo a njira yowotcherera ndikofunikira kuti mupeze kulumikizana kodalirika ndikuletsa zigawo kuti zisayime mowongoka. Samalani zinthu izi:
Kutentha: Khazikitsani kutentha kwa kuwotcherera molingana ndi zofunikira zenizeni za zigawo ndi zida zowotcherera.Tsatirani malangizo kapena miyezo yamakampani yoperekedwa ndi wopanga chigawocho. Pewani kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zingayambitse kutuluka kwa solder, ndi kutentha kosakwanira, zomwe zingayambitse brittle solder joints.
Nthawi: Onetsetsani kuti njira yogulitsira imapereka nthawi yokwanira kuti solder isungunuke ndikupanga mgwirizano wamphamvu.Nthawi yochepa kwambiri imatha kupangitsa kuti ma solder ofooka kapena osakwanira, pomwe nthawi yayitali yotentha imatha kuyambitsa kutuluka kwa solder.
Kupanikizika: Sinthani kupanikizika komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pomangirira kuti mupewe kuchulukira kapena kuchepera.Tsatirani malangizo okakamiza omwe aperekedwa ndi wopanga zida kapena ogulitsa zida zowotcherera.
Onetsetsani kuti chigawocho chayikidwa molondola: Kuyika kwachinthu koyenera komanso kogwirizana ndikofunikira kuti tipewe zovuta. Ganizirani njira zotsatirazi:
Gwiritsani ntchito zida zoyika bwino: Ikani zida zamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimatha kuyika bwino zigawo zake.Yang'anirani ndi kukonza zida pafupipafupi kuti muwonetsetse kuti zayikidwa bwino.
Tsimikizirani chigawocho: Yang'ananinso kagawo kagawo musanayike.Kuyika kolakwika kwa zigawo kungayambitse kusokoneza panthawi yowotcherera ndikuyambitsa mavuto oima.
Kuyanjanitsa ndi Kukhazikika: Onetsetsani kuti zigawo zake ndi zazikulu komanso zoyikidwa bwino pamapadi a PCB musanagulitsidwe.Gwiritsani ntchito zida zolumikizirana kapena zomangira kuti mugwire zidazo panthawi yowotcherera kuti mupewe kupendekeka kapena kusuntha kulikonse.
Sankhani zida zowotcherera zapamwamba: Kusankhidwa kwa zida zowotcherera kumakhudza kwambiri mtundu wa cholumikizira cha solder. Chonde lingalirani malangizo awa:
Solder alloy: Sankhani solder alloy yomwe ili yoyenera pazitsulo zazitsulo, zigawo ndi zipangizo za PCB zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.Gwiritsani ntchito ma alloys okhala ndi malo osungunuka osasinthasintha komanso zonyowetsa zabwino zowotcherera zodalirika.
Flux: Gwiritsani ntchito kusinthasintha kwapamwamba koyenera pakuwotchera ndi zinthu za PCB zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.Kutuluka kuyenera kulimbikitsa kunyowetsa bwino komanso kupereka kuyeretsa koyenera kwa solder.
Solder Phala: Onetsetsani kuti solder phala ntchito ali ndi zikuchokera olondola ndi tinthu kukula kugawa kukwaniritsa bwino kusungunuka ndi kuyenda makhalidwe.Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya solder phala ilipo panjira zosiyanasiyana zogulitsira, monga reflow kapena wave soldering.
Sungani PCB yanu yaukhondo: Malo oyera a PCB ndi ofunikira pakuwotchera kwapamwamba. Chonde tsatirani izi kuti PCB yanu ikhale yoyera:
Kuchotsa kwa Flux Residue: Chotsani zotsalira za Flux kuchokera ku PCB mutatha kugulitsa.Gwiritsani ntchito zotsukira zoyenera, monga isopropyl alcohol (IPA) kapena chochotsa chapadera, kuchotsa zotsalira zilizonse zomwe zingasokoneze mapangidwe a solder kapena kuyambitsa zovuta zapamtunda.
Kuchotsa Zowonongeka: Chotsani zonyansa zonse monga dothi, fumbi kapena mafuta kuchokera ku PCB pamwamba musanagulitsidwe.Gwiritsani ntchito chiguduli chopanda lint kapena burashi kuti mutsuke pang'onopang'ono pa PCB kuti mupewe kuwononga zinthu zosalimba.
Kusunga ndi Kugwira: Sungani ndikugwira ma PCB pamalo aukhondo, opanda fumbi.Gwiritsani ntchito zovundikira kapena matumba kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa panthawi yosungira ndi kuyendetsa. Nthawi zonse fufuzani ndi kuyang'anira ukhondo wa PCB ndikukhazikitsa njira zoyenera zoyendetsera ukhondo.
4.Kufunika kwa chithandizo cha akatswiri mu PCBA Manufacturing:
Polimbana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi zigawo zoimirira kapena zolumikizira zogulitsira panthawi ya PCB, ndikofunikira kufunafuna thandizo laukadaulo kuchokera kwa wopanga odziwa zambiri. Katswiri wopanga msonkhano wa PCB Capel amapereka maubwino osiyanasiyana omwe angathandize kuthana ndi mavutowa bwino.
zinachitikira: Professional PCB msonkhano wopanga Capel ali 15 zaka zambiri kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana PCB msonkhano.Iwo anakumana ndi kuthetsa bwinobwino nkhani zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kusonkhana mowongoka ndi nkhani solder olowa. Zomwe akumana nazo zimawathandiza kuzindikira mwamsanga zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zothetsera vutoli. Ndi chidziwitso chopezedwa kuchokera kumapulojekiti osawerengeka, atha kupereka zidziwitso ndi upangiri wofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti msonkhano wa PCB ukuyenda bwino.
Katswiri: Capel amagwiritsa ntchito amisiri aluso komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino a PCB.Akatswiriwa ali ndi chidziwitso chakuya cha njira zogulitsira, kakhazikitsidwe kagawo ndi njira zowongolera bwino. Amamvetsetsa zovuta za msonkhanowu ndipo amadziwa bwino zamakampani ndi machitidwe abwino. Ukadaulo wathu umatilola kuwunika mosamala, kuzindikira zoopsa zomwe zingachitike, ndikupanga kusintha kofunikira kuti tithane ndi zovuta zomwe zili zowongoka kapena zophatikizika. Pogwiritsa ntchito luso lathu, akatswiri opanga ma PCB a Capel amatha kuonetsetsa kuti msonkhano uli wapamwamba kwambiri ndikuchepetsa mwayi wamavuto amtsogolo.
Zipangizo zamakono: Akatswiri opanga ma PCB a Capel amagulitsa zida zamakono komanso zamakono kuti apititse patsogolo njira zowotchera ndi kusonkhanitsa.Amagwiritsa ntchito mavuni owonjezera, makina oyika zinthu ndi zida zowunikira kuti apeze zotsatira zolondola komanso zodalirika. Makinawa amawunikiridwa mosamala ndikusamaliridwa kuti atsimikizire kuwongolera bwino kwa kutentha, kuyika bwino kwa zigawo zake, komanso kuyang'ana mozama zolumikizira zogulitsira. Pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, Capel imatha kuthetsa zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimachititsa kuti pakhale zovuta zowonongeka kapena zowonongeka, monga kusintha kwa kutentha, kusamveka bwino, kapena kusayenda bwino kwa solder.
QC: Professional PCB msonkhano wopanga Capel ali wathunthu kulamulira khalidwe miyeso kuonetsetsa mlingo wapamwamba wa mankhwala khalidwe ndi kudalirika.Amatsata njira zowongolera bwino pamisonkhano yonse, kuyambira pakugula zinthu mpaka pakuwunika komaliza. Izi zikuphatikizanso kuyang'ana mozama kwa zigawo, zolumikizira za solder ndi ukhondo wa PCB. Tili ndi njira zoyesera zolimba monga kuyezetsa ma X-ray ndi kuyang'ana pawokha kuti tiwone cholakwika chilichonse kapena zolakwika. Potsatira njira zoyendetsera bwino, opanga akatswiri amatha kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa zovuta zowongoka kapena zovuta zolumikizirana ndikupereka misonkhano yodalirika ya PCB.
Mtengo ndi nthawi yabwino: Kugwira ntchito ndi katswiri wopanga misonkhano ya PCB Capel kumatha kupulumutsa nthawi ndi ndalama.Ukatswiri wawo ndi zida zapamwamba zimatha kuzindikira mwachangu ndikuthetsa zovuta zoyimilira kapena zolumikizana zogulitsa, kuchepetsa kuchedwa komwe kungachitike pamadongosolo opanga. Kuonjezera apo, chiwopsezo cha kukonzanso kwamtengo wapatali kapena kuchotsedwa kwa zigawo zolakwika zingathe kuchepetsedwa kwambiri pogwira ntchito ndi akatswiri omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chofunikira komanso chidziwitso. Izi zitha kupulumutsa ndalama pakapita nthawi.
Powombetsa mkota,kukhalapo kwa zigawo zapamwamba kapena zolumikizira zogulitsa pa PCBA kupanga kungayambitse mavuto akulu. Pomvetsetsa zifukwa zomwe zachititsa kuti izi zitheke ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera, opanga amatha kusintha khalidwe la weld, kupewa kuwonongeka kwa chigawochi, ndikuonetsetsa kuti magetsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwira ntchito ndi katswiri wopanga msonkhano wa PCB Capel kungaperekenso chithandizo chofunikira komanso ukadaulo wothana ndi vutoli. Potsatira malangizowa, opanga akhoza kukhathamiritsa njira zawo zopangira PCBA ndikupatsa makasitomala zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-11-2023
Kubwerera
